A Detailed Guide to Low-Cost, Small-Current Power Supplies Using Capacitive Droppers (Capacitive Current Limiting)
1. Introduction In applications such as home appliance control panels, simple indicator/relay drives, electricity meters, and traditional timers/temperature controllers, it’s often necessary to derive a low-voltage DC power supply of tens of milliamperes from an AC220V (or AC110V) supply. If the output current is very low (typically 5–80mA), cost and size are extremely sensitive, and […]
Building Low-Background PCBs for Next-Generation Scientific Experiments: From Design Choices to Material Control
1. What Is a Low-Background PCB, and Why Does It Matter? In the context of advanced scientific research, “low background” refers to minimizing radiation originating from the intrinsic radioactivity of materials (e.g., trace isotopes from the U / Th decay chains, potassium, cobalt) as well as parasitic noise and background counts introduced by impurities, ionic […]
Medical Device R&D: A Complete Guide to Research and Development in Healthcare Technology
The medical device industry stands at the forefront of healthcare innovation, with research and development (R&D) serving as the driving force behind life-saving technologies. From diagnostic equipment to surgical instruments, medical device R&D transforms scientific discoveries into practical solutions that improve patient outcomes and revolutionize healthcare delivery. Understanding the intricacies of this field is crucial […]
High Frequency PCB Design: Complete Guide for RF Applications
High frequency printed circuit boards (PCBs) have become increasingly critical in today’s rapidly evolving electronics landscape. From 5G communications to advanced radar systems, understanding the complexities of high frequency PCB design is essential for engineers working with modern electronic devices. This comprehensive guide explores the fundamentals of high frequency PCBs, design challenges, and practical solutions […]
Complete Guide to Embedded Systems: Types, Applications, and Future Trends
This guide will walk you through the essential stages of PCB design, from conceptualization to finalization, helping you build a solid foundation in circuit layout.
Complete Guide to PCBs: Types, Purposes, and Applications
Learn about PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards): types, purposes, and applications. Complete guide covering single-layer, multi-layer, flexible PCBs and more.
The Principle of MOSFET Realizing AC Solid-state Relay
AC solid state relays (SSRs) have been around for a long time. However, these early devices were not suitable for all situations, for example, because of severe distortion around the zero crossing of the waveform. MOSFET-based SSRs have been around since around 1984, when International Rectifier patented a MOSFET circuit capable of handling low-distortion AC. […]
Differences between TVS produced by different manufacturers
TVS devices of the same specification from different manufacturers should not be replaced arbitrarily. The most obvious difference between them is that their failure rates are likely to be different, and even significantly different. What is the reason? The overall machine failure caused by the device itself often occurs in two aspects: 1) Design issues […]
Free ESD Protection Circuit—discharge Teeth
When a peak voltage is input, there is a potential risk of IC pins being damaged. Peak voltage often comes from the superposition of reverse electromotive force pulses generated by ESD, hot swapping, and inductive load disconnection. To prevent potential damage to the components in the circuit caused by spikes, TVS bypass is commonly used […]